倒裝、省略、強調(diào)

一、倒裝

1. 完全倒裝

完全倒裝是把句子的謂語全部置于主語之前。在下列幾種情況下多用完全倒裝：

（1）在there be結(jié)構(gòu)中。如：

There are a few things we need to discuss.

There’s someone on the phone for you.

（2）以here, there, now, then, out, in, up, down, off, away等副詞開頭的句子中，主語是名詞時。如：

Here’s the book I said I’d lend you.

Up and up went the prices.

注意：當(dāng)句子的主語是代詞時，主謂不倒裝。如：

Have you seen my keys anywhere? Ah, there they are.

（3）句子的表語置于句首，為了強調(diào)表語或狀語、保持句子平衡或使上下文緊密銜接時。如：

Gone are the days when they had nothing to eat.

In a big bed of a big room lies a big man.

Present at the meeting were Professor Smith, Professor Brown, Sir Hugh and many other scientists.

2. 部分倒裝

部分倒裝是把謂語的一部分（助動詞或情態(tài)動詞）提到主語之前。使用部分倒裝的情況有：

（1）含否定意義的詞或短語（如not, nor, never, seldom, hardly, rarely, little, few, nowhere, nothing, not until, not only, no sooner, on no account, in no way, under no circumstances, by no means等）置于句首時。如：

Little did he know what lay in store for him.

Not only do people want to land on the moon, but on other planets as well.

Hardly had she begun to speak when there was a shout from the back of the hall.

On no account must we give up this attempt.

（2）only所修飾的副詞、介詞短語或狀語從句位于句首時。如：

only then did she tell him about the accident.

only in this house do I feel secure.

only when she came home did her mother learn the news.

3. 其它情況

（1）當(dāng)表示前面提出的某一情況也同樣適用于后者時，通常要用“so / neither / nor +系動詞/助動詞/情態(tài)動詞+主語”結(jié)構(gòu)。如：

—I’ve got an enormous amount of work to do.

—So have I.

Chris wasn’t at the meeting and neither / nor was her assistant.

（2）so ... that ... 結(jié)構(gòu)中的“so +形容詞或副詞”置于句首時，主句通常要部分倒裝；但如果謂語動詞為be時，則要完全倒裝。如：

So sincerely did the boy beg that his father gave his permission.（部分倒裝）

So small was the mark that I could hardly see it.（完全倒裝）

二、省略

為了使語言簡潔，人們常把某些詞省略掉。被省略的部分可能是主語、主語和謂語、謂語或謂語的一部分、賓語等。有時句子的大部分都省略。常見的省略情況有：

1. 簡單句中的省略

簡單句中，可以省略謂語或主語。另外，也可省略賓語等其他成分。如：

(Come) This way, please.

(I) Beg your pardon.

—Let’s do the dishes.

—I’ll wash (the dishes).

2. 并列句中的省略

在由并列連詞and, but, or等連接的并列句中，后邊的分句中可以省略與前邊分句中相同的成分，以避免重復(fù)。如：

My room is on the fifth floor, and hers (is) on the eighth (floor).

3. 復(fù)合句中的省略

（1）當(dāng)狀語從句的主語與主句的主語一致，且從句謂語動詞中有be時，從句的主語和be可以省略。如：

The boy studies very hard though (he is) still rather weak.

（2）當(dāng)狀語從句的主語和謂語是it is / was 時，it is / was常被省略。如：

If (it is) possible, I’ll help you with your math.

（3）在限制性定語從句中，作賓語的關(guān)系代詞that, which, whom, who等常可以省略。如：

He is the man (who / whom / that) you can depend on.

（4）引導(dǎo)賓語從句的連詞that常被省略。如：

We all know (that) light travels much faster than sound.

4. 不定式符號to的省略

（1）主語部分含有實義動詞do時，充當(dāng)表語的不定式可省略to。如：

What I want to do is spend the summer in Madrid and then come back to London in the fall.

（2）在but和except之前有實義動詞do時，其后的不定式可省略to。如：

There was nothing else to do but wait and see.

The father does everything in the house except wash the dishes.

（3）幾個結(jié)構(gòu)相同的不定式連用時，通常只在第一個不定式之前加不定式符號。如：

We’ve decided to get up earlier each morning, play tennis and walk to the library every day.

5. 如句子前面已出現(xiàn)過同樣的動詞，為避免重復(fù)，句子后面的不定式常省去動詞原形，只保留不定式符號to。但如果在省略的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)中含有be, have時，這些詞要保留。如：

I saw my son playing with a knife, and I told him not to.

My father has lost a lot of weight — he is ten kilos lighter than he used to be.

—Has he finished cleaning his room?

—No, but he ought to have.

三、強調(diào)

1. It is / was +被強調(diào)部分+ that ...

（1）該句型可用于強調(diào)除謂語以外的其它句子成分。

否定形式：It isn’t / wasn’t +被強調(diào)部分+ that ...

一般疑問句形式：Is / Was it + 被強調(diào)部分+ that ...?

特殊疑問句形式：特殊疑問詞+ is / was it that ...?

（2）not ... until ...的強調(diào)句形式為It is / was not until ... that ...。

（3）強調(diào)的主語指人時，也可用who代替that。

2. do / does / did +動詞原形

需要強調(diào)謂語時，需借用助動詞do / does / did，且一般只用于一般現(xiàn)在時和一般過去時的肯定句中。如：

I’ll tell you something that does sound exciting.

She did come too late. I had marked her absence, of course.

高考鏈接

從每題所給的A、B、C和D四個選項中，選出可以填入空白處的最佳選項。

1. It was only when the car pulled up in front of our house ________ we saw Lily in the passenger seat.

A. which B. that

C. when D. where

2. It was when I got back to my apartment ________ I first came across my new neighbors.

A. who B. where

C. which D. that

3. Not until recently ________ the development of tourist-related activities in the rural areas.

A. they had encouraged B. had they encouraged

C. did they encourage D. they encouraged

4. only when you can find peace in your heart ________ good relationships with others.

A. will you keep B. you will keep

C. you kept D. did you keep

5. No sooner _________ stepped on the stage than the audience broke into thunderous applause.

A. had Mo Yan B. Mo Yan had

C. has Mo Yan D. Mo Yan has